TRIBUNNEWSCOM - Jika Anda berencana untuk belajar, bekerja, atau tinggal di China, Anda mungkin pernah mendengar tentang tes HSK atau Tes Kecakapan Bahasa Mandarin. Tapi apa sebenarnya HSK itu dan apa manfaat mengikuti ujian profisiensi yang satu ini? Latar Belakang HSK. Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK, atau 汉语水平考试) adalah satu-satunya tes kecakapan bahasa Mandarin standar untuk Siapa sih, yang enggak tahu Tembok Besar Tiongkok, atau yang dikenal juga dengan nama The Great Wall of China? Tembok Besar adalah salah satu situs wisata yang sangat ingin dikunjungi oleh banyak orang. Seperti Namanya—Tembok Besar adalah sebuah benteng kuno yang memiliki panjang lebih dari 20 ribu kilometer. Tekstulis berjudul "The Great Wall of China" KONSEP 1. Definition A descriptive text can describe a particular thing. 2. Social Function DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS To give information about a particular entity by describing its features, history, and special characteristics. To give information about things by describing physical attributes, cash. See China’s Iconic Great Wall From AboveChina’s Great Wall is one of the world’s great feats of engineering and an enduring monument to the strength of an ancient iconic Great Wall, actually a network of fortifications rather than a single structure, is the product of countless labors over a period of some two thousand years. Qin Shi Huang took the remnants of truly ancient fortifications, walls, and earthworks begun in the fifth century and linked them into a unified wall circa 220 as part of a massive project to protect China against marauding barbarians from the the time construction on most of the stone-and-brick Great Wall, with its turrets and watchtowers, was completed during the Ming dynasty 1368-1644 the chang cheng had become the world’s largest human-made recent government mapping project revealed that the entire Great Wall structure spans some 5,500 miles 8,850 kilometers from the Korean border west into the Gobi desert. Of that total 3,889 miles 6,259 kilometers were actual wall, while 223 miles 359 kilometers were trenches and 1,387 miles 2,232 kilometers were natural defensive barriers, like rivers or steep hills, incorporated into the new sections of the wall have recently been uncovered, several sections of the structure have vanished during the past half century or so. Mao Zedong himself encouraged destruction of parts of the wall and reuse of its materials in the 1950s, and rural farmers still make use of the wall’s earth and stone for practical 50 percent of the original ancient structure has already disappeared, and perhaps another 30 percent lies crumbling into ruins—even as Chinese and international organizations struggle to preserve what remains of this unique more than 5,000 miles, the Great Wall of China was built by first emperor, Qin, who began construction in the 3rd century The Great WallStretching more than 5,000 miles, the Great Wall of China was built by first emperor, Qin, who began construction in the 3rd century Photograph by Yimei Sun, Getty ImagesHow to Get Theretourists explore the wall from Beijing. The most popular section Badaling is 42 miles 70 kilometers from the city. This section boasts impressive views, and with crowds come all the modern trappings of development. Those seeking less popular or unrestored sections of the wall have many suitable choices within easy driving distance of to GoThe wall has endured centuries of seasons and remains ready to host visitors year round. The Beijing region has icy winters, but the hardy will find far fewer crowds than during the peak summer seasons. Autumn is often delightful near Beijing with mild weather 43° to 64°F/6° to 18°C and reduced tourist crowds. Wind and dust can be common in springtime. China is a nation of festivals, so consider timing a visit to coincide with a celebration in the shadows of the to VisitAs is appropriate for a monument so massive, there are many ways to visit the wall. Some visitors aspire to admire the views from popular tourist sections, pose for pictures, walk the wall, and take advantage of amenities from restaurants and shops to cable car rides. Others choose to explore rugged sections of the structure on extended hikes and climbs of unrestored “wild wall” sections, though these can be dangerous and are often located in rural areas well off the typical tourist path. TravelOne of the world's greatest feats of engineering reveals the ingenuity of the ancients."The Great Wall impresses everyone who sees it for the first time, from children to adults, from the general tourists to scholars,” says Henry Ng, the manager of the World Monuments Fund’s China projects. “The vastness of the structure helps children grasp the great achievements in human history—from the Great Wall to the great pyramids—and can help inspire them to learn more about human achievements over the millennia.”Constructed over a period of 2,000 years, the stone sentry actually consists of many great walls, some dating back to the fifth century The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, ordered these earlier long wall sections linked and extended with watchtowers to protect the new empire from marauding northern tribes. Succeeding emperors and dynasties continued the construction, spreading westward into the Gobi desert to guard the Silk Road. All together, the walls may have stretched more than 30,000 miles.“Because the walls were defensive structures, you can learn about building and engineering skills throughout ancient China as well as its military history and strategies,” Ng says.“The wall raised my daughter’s awareness of China’s long history,” says Beijing resident Pan Ningxin, who took her daughter Mengmeng, eight, to the wall at Badaling. “We talked about the function of the Great Wall when it was built, so she got some idea of the wars between nations and how dynasties change.”Early sections of the wall were built from layers of rammed earth and local materials—red palm fronds in the Gobi desert, wild poplar trunks in the Tarim Basin, reeds in Gansu. Many of these sections have eroded over the centuries; the Great Legacy of an Ancient Time Wall as we know it largely dates from the Ming dynasty from the 14th to the 17th centuries. The Ming wall stretches nearly 4,500 miles from Shanhaiguan Pass on the Bohai Sea to Jiayuguan Pass in the of the Ming dynasty layered stone and brick over packed earth, building walls 20 feet wide at the base and nearly 30 feet high that twist along the steep mountain ridges north of Beijing. Surrounded by misty green hills with watchtowers that disappear into low-hanging clouds, the wall is a place for reflection—the sense of history and the craftsmanship required to build it permeate the ancient stones.“We wonder about the builders, the soldiers who were stationed at some of these lonely outposts, the nearby villagers who may or may not have appreciated the garrisons near them,” says Jennifer Ambrose, who lives with her family north of Beijing and visits the Great Wall several times a month. “We explore around the wall, surprised to find remains of older walls that predate the Ming by centuries.”Forced laborers used pulleys to haul stone slabs nearly seven feet long and weighing a ton up the steep mountainsides. Some 10,000 watchtowers and beacon towers are located every 200 to 300 yards for quick communication. While drums were the main form of communication before 200 soldiers later used fire and smoke signals to broadcast the size of an enemy force. Each tower along the wall had a ready supply of burnable materials should the need arise. During the Ming dynasty the sounds of cannon warned of approaching will delight in wandering the ramparts, lined with battlements and parapets and wide enough for five horses to ride abreast. “We encourage our seven-year-old son, Myles, to explore the construction as much as he can,” Ambrose says.“To look for signs of pieces that are missing, like bars on the windows, or to try to figure out from which direction invaders were expected to come based on the slots through which archers shot. Often a visit will leave us with more questions that we try to research afterward, like, Why was the Ming wall built in this direction when an earlier wall, still visible, was built so many meters in another direction?”With more than 4,000 miles to explore, there are hundreds of places where you can visit the wall. Sites near Beijing offer the easiest access. Skip the crowds at Badaling, and head for Jinshanling, two hours northeast of the capital, which offers stunning views and invigorating hikes. Children will love seeing the lights that illuminate a section at night. An alternative At Huanghuacheng, about an hour and a half north of Beijing, the wall skirts Jintang Lake and the crescent-shaped Huanghuacheng Reservoir. In summer, the mountain slopes are covered with huanghua yellow wildflowers that gave the town its name. “We most frequently go to the Huanghuacheng area because there are several access points, all rather close together, but different enough to be interesting,” Ambrose says. If you can, visit the Great Wall when it’s blanketed with snow. “The snow enhances the crenellations, making the wall look more castlelike than normal,” Ambrose says. “My son’s imagination really gets going—when we go to Juyongguan in the snow, he pretends he’s in a battle, stuffing snow into the cannon and throwing snowballs over the edge at imaginary foes.”For a quieter, less developed area ideal for young children, visit Mutianyu, a village just over an hour north of Beijing that dates from the 16th century. “This area is forested with crown pines and also full of fruit trees on the hills and in orchards—chestnut, apple, pear, and apricot,” says Jim Spear, who has lived in Mutianyu for 17 years and runs The Schoolhouse lodgings. “My kids roamed all over the local mountains, climbed trees, picked wildflowers, and gathered wild edibles with guidance from our neighbors. This is exactly what the local kids do when they’re not busy with their studies and on vacations.”Enclosed cable cars can transport you straight from the valley to the top of the wall. “But many of our visitors like to get off the beaten track and take walks with their kids to nearby unrestored sections of the Great Wall—what we call the wild wall,’ ” Spear says. “The wild sections there are overgrown and crumbling and the ruins give one a sense of how ancient and great this civilization is.”Know Before You Go Insider Tip The Great Wall was designed for protection, but don’t forget the forts that were another part of China’s defenses. The 16th-century Yaoziyu Fort, for example, is the best preserved of Huanghuacheng’s six forts. Changyucheng Village was founded 500 years ago to guard one of the wall’s most important for KidsThe Seven Chinese Brothers by Margaret Mahy; illustrated by Mou-Sien Tseng 1992 This beautifully illustrated book tells the old Chinese folktale of seven brothers with extraordinary abilities, who band together and use their powers to challenge the emperor’s mistreatment of his workers on the Great for ParentsThe Great Wall From Beginning to End by William Lindesay and Michael Yamashita 2007 The story of Lindesay’s hike along the entire Ming wall, from the Yellow Sea to the desert foothills of the Qilian Mountains, is accompanied by Michael Yamashita’s of the Pipa by Jiang Ting 2003 The elegant Chinese pipa, somewhat similar to a banjo, dates back 2,000 years in China’s history. Ting has played the pipa since childhood and won first prize in China’s national pipa competition in 1996. Here, on this album, she plays ancient and modern Chinese compositions, plus her own melodies. Helpful LinksGreat Wall Website This collection of essays lays out the history of the many long walls that comprise the Great Wall, analyzes the popular folktale of Meng Jiangnu, and answers commonly asked questions about the wall such as, Is it visible from the moon? No.. Be sure to check out the Travel Guide section, which details the various sites and best times to visit the Kids This is an essential resource for families visiting Beijing. Produced by local expat families, the website provides a directory of hotels, restaurants, and educational centers in the city; tips on family-friendly events and activities in the area; and readers’ personal experiences traveling to various Great Wall sites.“The Great Wall of China,” In Our Time BBC radio host Melvyn Bragg discusses the Great Wall of China with Chinese historians in this episode of In Our Time. The scholars vividly describe the differences among the many sections of the Great Wall and talk in depth about its origins. Text reads The Mysteries of Life with Tim and Moby Tim is sitting on his living room couch reading a book when a crumpled paper ball hits him in the head. TIM What the? Tim tosses the paper ball back at Moby who is shielding himself with a pillow. The paper hits Moby's head. MOBY Beep. Tim reads from a typed letter. TIM Dear Tim and Moby, What was the purpose of the Great Wall of China? From, Oren. The Great Wall of China was built mainly to defend against invaders from the north. An image shows the Great Wall of China stretching into the distance. MOBY Beep? TIM Well sure, a person could climb the wall. But China was more worried about nomadic, or wandering, tribes who traveled on horseback. An animation shows a woman walking with two men on horseback. TIM Reaching up to nine meters high, it would be almost impossible to get a horse across the wall. An image shows a man trying to get a horse to climb a ladder propped up against a wall. MOBY Beep? TIM Well, the wall was built in sections during different periods in Chinese history, starting in the third century BCE. Sections would be built independently, connecting the rest of the wall system as it grew. The original wall was nowhere near as long, high, or well-built as what we see today. An animation shows sections of the wall joining together to create the Great Wall. TIM They just kept improving on it, and adding to it as the centuries went by. A map of China shows how the Great Wall spread from the middle of the country to the east. TIM With all of its branches, the Great Wall today extends over 6,400 kilometers through all kids of terrain, including mountains and deserts. It's one of the most amazing constructions in human history. An image shows the Great Wall spreading over a mountainous terrain. TIM Most of what we see today was built during the Ming dynasty, from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries. An image shows bricklayers constructing the Great Wall. TIM That was the fifth and last major period of construction. These are the most sophisticated sections of the Great Wall, made mainly of bricks, limestone, and granite. But builders had to use whatever materials were nearby, so some parts of it were just made of dirt and wood. Side by side images show dirt and wood. MOBY Beep? TIM Yeah, for a long time it worked as a national defense. Watchtowers are built at regular intervals into the wall. An image shows tall watchtowers evenly spaced out along the wall. TIM These allowed the armies manning the walls to spot invaders from a distance, and give them a place to retreat if they needed. An image shows a guard viewing invaders from a watchtower. TIM Large gates, or passes, are built into the wall at areas of strategic importance. An animation shows a gate opening in the wall. TIM And in the more sophisticated sections, the wall is wide enough for entire armies to walk along it. An animation shows an army walking along the wall. TIM Inside the wall, complicated systems of stairways would confuse anyone who wasn't familiar with them. MOBY Beep? TIM Well, in the seventeenth century, China was invaded and taken over by a nomadic group called the Manchus. Once they had control, the need for the wall didn't really exist anymore. An image shows Manchurian soldiers in front of the wall. The wall disappears behind them. TIM There was no one else to keep out. So the construction of the wall stopped. Moby carries a globe and places it on a pile of furniture and other household items to make a barricade in the living room. Tim knocks on the barricade. MOBY Beep. TIM Ah, hey. Hey, I need to get through. MOBY Beep? TIM I don't know the password. Come on, I have to go to the bathroom.

teks the great wall of china